For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. This created a black market for the drug, where prices soared to $80 or more for a single pill. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. c. Tolerance can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous leveleven to the point of overdose and death. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. For example, the National Institutes of Drug Abuse has sponsored research that suggests the misuse and abuse of the prescription pain killers hydrocodone and oxycodone are significant public health concerns (Maxwell, 2006). Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Not able to pass stool or gas. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Drug withdrawal is usually an aversive experience, and it can be a life-threatening process in individuals who have a long history of very high doses of alcohol and/or barbiturates. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Individuals with insomnia often experience long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. . Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Reduced urine. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). 2. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Scott Falater had a history of regular episodes of sleepwalking as a child, and he had even behaved violently toward his sister once when she tried to prevent him from leaving their home in his pajamas during a sleepwalking episode. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). You don't have to be a psychologist to know that conditions like hunger or fatigue have an impact on thinking and decision-making; these are examples of internal states. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. the ability to spend time, good time with them when youre not feeling absolutely exhausted . (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. In addition, sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Jet lag is a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. The brain waves associated with REM sleep, outlined in the red box in (a), look very similar to those seen (b) during wakefulness. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). The early portion of stage 1 sleep producesalpha waves, which are relatively low frequency (813Hz), high amplitude patterns of electrical activity (waves) that become synchronized (Figure 4.8). Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. This final section will consider hypnotic and meditative states as additional examples of altered states of consciousness experienced by some individuals. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). As we grow older, we sleep less. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated.